Well yes and no. I crate trained mine when they were pups (but almost never shut the crate door) and then when they were older didn’t bother with them at all unless I was going somewhere they were unfamiliar with.
So no you don’t have to but they can benefit from it. First off when they are puppy they will go through teething and that can involve chewing anything that feels good. You can provide them with all the chewy toys in the world but if they like the feel of the chair leg then say goodbye to your chair leg. Unless you’re planning to never be parted so you can supervise this chewing stage then a crate is helpful knowing they're safe while you’re out.
Then there’s the comfort it can offer them. Put a blanket over the top of a crate and you’ve created a hide similar to the burrow their ancestors would be born into. A hole that they can retreat to when it’s all too much, a covered area provides a lot more comfort for a puppy than an open bed.
It’s also useful if you go away with them. Their crate is familiar and safe so it’s easier for them to settle, you can do the same with a dog bed but openness doesn’t provide the same level of feeling secure.
When you’re going away you may realise you can’t bear to leave your pup so you book a hotel that accepts dogs but their restaurant certainly won’t so what you gonna do, leave your dog loose in an unfamiliar place? Go for something to eat wondering if they found the smell of another dog and then find out they thought they’d better leave their canine pal a message
One other consideration is puppies need a lot of human contact, if you work full time and they don’t get it they will likely develop behavioural problems so a lot of working folk will go for an older dog to avoid this issue.
If you’re lucky enough to work somewhere that allows dogs then a crate can also provide the dog with some peace, although obviously that only works with small dogs. Even tolerant places won’t allow a huge crate.
Overall I’d say do it when they’re young so they’re familiar with it (you don’t have to shut the door if you don’t want to) and you can then use a crate as and when its needed without it stressing the dog out!
Hope that helps
Edit: My dog is currently asleep on my bed